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USING PHOTOSHOP CS4
Color fundamentals
Last updated 1/10/2010
Lab Color mode
The CIE L*a*b* color model (Lab) is based on the human perception of color. The numeric values in Lab describe all
the colors that a person with normal vision sees. Because Lab describes how a color looks rather than how much of a
particular colorant is needed for a device (such as a monitor, desktop printer, or digital camera) to produce colors, Lab
is considered to be a device-independent color model. Color management systems use Lab as a color reference to
predictably transform a color from one color space to another color space.
The Lab Color mode has a lightness component (L) that can range from 0 to 100. In the Adobe Color Picker and Color
panel, the a component (green-red axis) and the b component (blue-yellow axis) can range from +127 to –128.
Lab images can be saved in Photoshop, Photoshop EPS, Large Document Format (PSB), Photoshop PDF, Photoshop
Raw, TIFF, Photoshop DCS 1.0, or Photoshop DCS 2.0 formats. You can save 48-bit (16-bits-per-channel) Lab images
in Photoshop, Large Document Format (PSB), Photoshop PDF, Photoshop Raw, or TIFF formats.
Note: The DCS 1.0 and DCS 2.0 formats convert the file to CMYK when opened.
Grayscale mode
Grayscale mode uses different shades of gray in an image. In 8-bit images, there can be up to 256 shades of gray. Every
pixel of a grayscale image has a brightness value ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). In 16 and 32-bit images, the
number of shades in an image is much greater than in 8-bit images.
Grayscale values can also be measured as percentages of black ink coverage (0% is equal to white, 100% to black).
Grayscale mode uses the range defined by the working space setting that you specify in the Color Settings dialog box.
More Help topics
“About color working spaces” on page 148
Bitmap mode
Bitmap mode uses one of two color values (black or white) to represent the pixels in an image. Images in Bitmap mode
are called bitmapped 1-bit images because they have a bit depth of 1.
Duotone mode
Duotone mode creates monotone, duotone (two-color), tritone (three-color), and quadtone (four-color) grayscale
images using one to four custom inks.
More Help topics
“About duotones” on page 494
Indexed Color mode
Indexed Color mode produces 8-bit image files with up to 256 colors. When converting to indexed color, Photoshop
builds a color lookup table (CLUT), which stores and indexes the colors in the image. If a color in the original image
does not appear in the table, the program chooses the closest one or uses dithering to simulate the color using available
colors.
- PHOTOSHOP 1
- Contents 3
- Chapter 1: Resources 8
- Help and support 9
- Printed resources 10
- Support resources 10
- What’s new in Photoshop CS4 11
- Chapter 2: Workspace 13
- Default Illustrator workspace 14
- Manage windows and panels 15
- Manage Document windows 16
- Dock and undock panels 16
- Move panels 17
- Add and remove panels 17
- Manipulate panel groups 18
- Stack floating panels 18
- Resize panels 18
- Save and switch workspaces 19
- Display or hide tool tips 20
- Display context menus 24
- Define a set of menus 24
- About tools 25
- Delete a set of menus 25
- Turn menu colors on or off 25
- Tools panel overview 26
- Cycle through hidden tools 32
- Change tool pointers 32
- Using the options bar 33
- Create and use tool presets 33
- Viewing images 34
- Use the Rotate View tool 35
- Use the Navigator panel 35
- Zoom in or out 36
- Set Zoom tool preferences 37
- Magnify by dragging 37
- Temporarily zoom an image 37
- Hide the pixel grid 38
- Display an image at 100% 38
- Fit an image to the screen 38
- Match locations in images 39
- Work with the Info panel 39
- Use the Info panel 40
- Change the Info panel options 41
- Place a guide 46
- Move a guide 46
- Use snapping 47
- Show or hide Extras 48
- Work with the Preset Manager 48
- Manage preset items 49
- Preferences 50
- Plug-ins 51
- Set history options 55
- Make a snapshot of an image 56
- Managing connections 59
- Importing scanned images 70
- Open PDF files 73
- Placing files 76
- Take photos for HDR images 80
- Merge images to HDR 81
- Chapter 4: Camera Raw 86
- Camera Raw Settings menu 90
- Camera Raw view controls 90
- Image adjustment tabs 90
- Open images in Camera Raw 93
- Adjust tone in Camera Raw 97
- More Help topics 100
- Rotate images in Camera Raw 102
- Crop images in Camera Raw 102
- Remove red-eye in Camera Raw 102
- Remove spots in Camera Raw 103
- Last updated 1/10/2010 105
- USING PHOTOSHOP CS4 106
- Reduce noise in Camera Raw 109
- Managing Camera Raw settings 110
- Chapter 5: Color fundamentals 114
- Multichannel mode 119
- Choosing colors 125
- Display the Color Picker 128
- Choose web-safe colors 129
- Change the Color Picker 131
- Color panel overview 131
- Kuler panel 134
- Browse themes 135
- Working with themes 135
- Create panel tools 136
- Chapter 6: Color management 137
- Keeping colors consistent 139
- Soft-proof colors 146
- Soft-proof colors (Acrobat) 148
- Color conversion options 158
- About rendering intents 159
- About histograms 160
- Histogram panel overview 160
- View histogram statistics 162
- Preview histogram adjustments 163
- Refresh the histogram display 163
- View color values in an image 164
- Adjusting color samplers 165
- Correcting images 166
- Adjustments panel overview 167
- The Adjustments panel 168
- Color adjustment commands 169
- Make a color adjustment 170
- Save adjustment settings 170
- Reapply adjustment settings 170
- Identify out-of-gamut colors 171
- Levels overview 172
- Adjust color using Levels 174
- Curves overview 175
- Set Curve display options 176
- Apply an Auto correction 178
- Keyboard shortcuts: Curves 178
- Adjust hue and saturation 179
- Color wheel 180
- A. Saturation B. Hue 180
- E. Moves entire slider 181
- • Select Monochrome 193
- Apply the Variations command 199
- Using the Equalize command 200
- Desaturate colors 200
- Invert colors 201
- Posterize an image 201
- Crop and Straighten photos 206
- Remove red eye 214
- Set camera and lens defaults 219
- Sharpen recommendations 220
- Sharpen using Smart Sharpen 221
- Sharpen using Unsharp Mask 221
- Sharpen selectively 223
- Add lens blur 224
- Transforming objects 225
- Select an item to transform 226
- Transform freely 229
- Warp an item 230
- Content-aware scaling 231
- Liquify filter 233
- Distortion tools 234
- Distort an image 235
- Reconstruct distortions 237
- Reconstruction modes 238
- Vanishing Point 239
- Work in Vanishing Point 241
- 4. Edit the image 242
- ❖ Do any of the following: 245
- Render grids to Photoshop 254
- About Photomerge 254
- 1 Do one of the following: 255
- 4 Select a Layout option: 255
- Select with the marquee tools 259
- Select with the Lasso tool 260
- Selecting and masking 261
- Select a color range 264
- Adjusting pixel selections 266
- Subtract from a selection 268
- Refine selection edges 269
- Move a selection 272
- Copy selections 272
- Channels 276
- Show color channels in color 278
- Select and edit channels 278
- Merge channels 280
- Delete a channel 280
- Create a temporary quick mask 282
- Load a saved selection 286
- Channel calculations 287
- Chapter 10: Layers 290
- Layers panel overview 291
- Convert background and layers 292
- Create layers and groups 292
- Duplicate layers 293
- Select layers 295
- Group and ungroup layers 296
- Add layers to a group 296
- Link and unlink layers 296
- Show layer edges and handles 297
- Move the content of layers 297
- Managing layers 302
- Setting opacity and blending 305
- Group blend effects 307
- 4 Click OK 308
- Layer effects and styles 309
- Apply preset styles 310
- 2 Do one of the following: 311
- Layer style options 312
- Create a custom contour 314
- Load a contour 314
- Delete a contour 314
- Display or hide layer styles 315
- Copy layer styles 316
- Scale a layer effect 317
- Remove layer effects 317
- Create an adjustment layer 319
- Create a fill layer 319
- Nondestructive editing 321
- Hide Smart Filters 326
- Mask Smart Filters 326
- Layer comps 328
- Create a layer comp 329
- Apply and view layer comps 329
- Clear layer comp warnings 329
- Masking layers 330
- Add layer masks 332
- Edit a layer mask 332
- Change mask density 333
- Feather mask edges 333
- Refine mask edges 333
- Add and edit vector masks 334
- Unlinking layers and masks 335
- Apply or delete a layer mask 336
- Create a clipping mask 337
- Erase with the Eraser tool 342
- Brush presets 344
- Create a new preset brush 346
- Brushes panel overview 346
- List of blending modes 358
- Blending mode examples 360
- Create a noise gradient 365
- Load a library of patterns 369
- Rename a preset pattern 369
- Delete a preset pattern 369
- Chapter 12: Drawing 371
- Draw curves with the Pen tool 377
- Finish drawing a path 379
- Managing paths 382
- Create a new work path 383
- Manage paths 383
- Editing paths 384
- Select a path 385
- Delete a segment 387
- Extend an open path 387
- Move a path or path component 389
- Reshape a path component 389
- Copy a path component or path 389
- Delete a path component 390
- Add or delete anchor points 391
- Convert a selection to a path 393
- Adding color to paths 394
- Stroke paths with color 395
- Display the Filter Gallery 399
- Zoom in or out of the preview 399
- Hide filter thumbnails 399
- Filter effects reference 402
- Brush Stroke filters 404
- Distort filters 404
- Noise filters 405
- Pixelate filters 406
- Render filters 406
- Stylize filters 408
- Texture filters 409
- Video filters 409
- Other filters 409
- Defining undistorted areas 411
- Apply the Displace filter 411
- Add Lighting Effects 413
- Lighting Effects types 414
- Adjust an Omni light 414
- Lighting Effects styles 415
- Add or delete a light 415
- Enter paragraph type 419
- Editing text 420
- Check and correct spelling 422
- Find and replace text 422
- Assign a language for text 423
- About Dynamic Shortcuts 426
- Specify type size 426
- Apply all caps or small caps 428
- About fonts 428
- OpenType fonts 431
- Apply OpenType features 431
- Adjust kerning 434
- Adjust tracking 434
- Scaling and rotating type 435
- Prevent words from breaking 441
- Composition methods 441
- Creating type effects 442
- Enter type along a path 443
- Asian type 447
- Use tate-chu-yoko 448
- Align Asian characters 448
- Character Map 449
- Specify a burasagari option 452
- Set file saving preferences 455
- Save large documents 455
- PDF compatibility levels 460
- General options for Adobe PDF 461
- Adding security to PDF files 463
- Save an Adobe PDF preset 463
- Photoshop format (PSD) 471
- Photoshop 2.0 format 471
- Photoshop EPS format 471
- PICT File 475
- PICT Resource 475
- Pixar format 475
- PNG format 475
- Portable Bit Map format 476
- Radiance format 476
- Scitex CT 476
- About notes 478
- Read a Digimarc watermark 478
- Embed a watermark 480
- 2 Choose File > Save As 481
- Chapter 16: Printing 486
- 3 Do one of the following: 488
- Print part of an image 490
- Print vector data 490
- Print a hard proof 492
- Set output options 495
- Estimate scan resolution 500
- Printing duotones 503
- Chapter 17: Web graphics 508
- Slicing web pages 510
- View slices and slice options 512
- Modifying slices 513
- Move or resize a user slice 514
- Duplicate slices 515
- Copy and paste a slice 515
- Combine slices 515
- Slice output options 517
- Add HTML text to a slice 518
- Optimize an image for the web 521
- Save a file to e-mail 525
- Web graphic formats 525
- JPEG optimization options 525
- Optimization settings for GIF 527
- Sort a color table 531
- Shift a color 531
- Map colors to transparency 532
- Lock or unlock a color 532
- Delete selected colors 533
- Save a color table 533
- Load a color table 533
- G. Encoding menu 536
- HTML output options 537
- Background output settings 539
- Saving Files output settings 539
- Animation panel overview 542
- Change thumbnail size 543
- Aspect ratio 546
- Delete a pixel aspect ratio 549
- Reset the pixel aspect ratios 549
- Extended) 552
- ❖ In the Clone Source panel: 555
- Add a blank video layer 557
- Creating frame animations 560
- Add frames to an animation 561
- Select animation frames 561
- Unify layer properties 563
- Propagate frame 1 563
- Create frames using tweening 564
- Choose a disposal method 566
- FLC export settings 579
- Specify AVI export settings 579
- DV Stream export settings 580
- About OpenGL 585
- Open a 3D file 585
- Move the 3D camera 586
- Show or hide the 3D Axis 588
- Display the 3D panel 589
- View the ground plane 590
- Show or hide light guides 590
- View cross sections 591
- Show or hide a mesh 592
- Manipulate individual meshes 592
- Create a texture map 594
- Create a bump texture map 594
- Adjust light properties 596
- Position lights 596
- Add light guides 596
- Create UV overlays 599
- Reparameterize a texture map 599
- Reveal surfaces to paint on 601
- Set the paint falloff angle 602
- Identify paintable areas 602
- Create a 3D postcard 603
- Create 3D shapes 603
- Create a 3D mesh 604
- Customize render settings 607
- Face options 608
- Edge options 608
- Vertex options 608
- Stereo options 609
- Export a 3D layer 610
- Save a 3D file 610
- Set measurement scale 615
- Create a scale marker 615
- Add or replace scale markers 616
- Delete a scale marker 616
- Measurement Data Points 617
- Create a data point preset 618
- Edit a data point preset 618
- Delete a data point preset 618
- Display the Measurement Log 619
- Select rows in the log 619
- Select columns in the log 619
- Verify MATLAB integration 622
- Stack modes 625
- Remove stack rendering 625
- Edit an image stack 626
- Convert an image stack 626
- Chapter 20: Automating tasks 627
- Play an action on a file 628
- Specify playback speed 628
- Manage actions 629
- Manage action sets 629
- Save a set of actions 630
- Load a set of actions 630
- Organize action sets 630
- Creating actions 631
- Record a path 632
- Insert a stop 632
- 5 Click OK 633
- Edit and rerecord actions 634
- Processing a batch of files 635
- Process a batch of files 636
- Process a file with a droplet 637
- Creating data-driven graphics 640
- Define variables 641
- Rename a variable 642
- Define a data set 642
- Preview or apply a data set 643
- Import a data set 644
- Chapter 21: Optional plug-ins 646
- Create a contact sheet 649
- Creating web photo galleries 650
- Create a web photo gallery 651
- Web photo gallery options 652
- Web photo gallery styles 653
- Define new keyboard shortcuts 661
- Default keyboard shortcuts 662
- Keys for viewing images 673
- Keys for editing paths 675
- Keys for painting objects 675
- Keys for formatting type 677
- Keys for using panels 678
- Keys for using the Info panel 682
- Function keys 686
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